Studies of changes in intelligence as a function of aging suggest that:
a) both fluid and crystallized intelligence tend to decline with age in adults.
b) crystallized intelligence tends to decline with age in adults but fluid intelligence does not.
c) fluid intelligence tends to decline with age in adults but crystallized intelligence does not.
d) neither fluid nor crystallized intelligence declines with age in adults.
ANS: C
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Negative reinforcement ________ response probability by the ________ following a response
a. increases; presentation of an appetitive stimulus b. increases; removal, reduction, or prevention of an aversive stimulus c. decreases; presentation of an appetitive stimulus d. decreases; removal, reduction, or prevention of an aversive stimulus
To understand the phenomenon of instinctual drift, it is most helpful to realize the importance of
a. cognitive maps. b. species-specific tendencies. c. operant conditioning. d. classical conditioning.