If you combine separate items of information into large units and then remember these larger units rather than individual items, you are using:

Why have many experiments somewhat underestimated people's ability to recognize facial expressions of emotion? a. They used photographs in which all faces were posed looking in different directions. b. They used photographs in which all faces were posed looking straight at the camera. c. They gave people a list of emotions and asked them to match faces to the list

d. They asked for fine distinctions, such as the difference between guilt and shame.

In the experiment in which college students breathed air with increased amounts of carbon dioxide through a mask, the students found it much LESS stressful if they

a. were surprised by the trials that contained the increased amount of carbon dioxide. b. were told which trial would contain an increased amount of carbon dioxide. c. did not have to control the amount of carbon dioxide entering the mask. d. experienced repeated trials of the "surprise whiffs" of carbon dioxide in increased amounts.