In the experiment in which college students breathed air with increased amounts of carbon dioxide through a mask, the students found it much LESS stressful if they
a. were surprised by the trials that contained the increased amount of carbon dioxide.
b. were told which trial would contain an increased amount of carbon dioxide.
c. did not have to control the amount of carbon dioxide entering the mask.
d. experienced repeated trials of the "surprise whiffs" of carbon dioxide in increased amounts.
B
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Which of the following best describes the behaviorist approach to culture?
A) Only positive reinforcement of desirable behaviors helps form culture. B) Culture is a human illusion. C) Culture creates the system by which people decide what goals are important in their lives. D) Culture is not important and/or studied by the behaviorist approach. E) Culture is a set of reinforcement contingencies that operate in shared environments.
Compared to someone with a history of continuous reinforcement, what is true for someone who has been reinforced on an unpredictable schedule, such as variable-ratio or variable-interval? a. The responses will extinguish more slowly
b. The responses will be more vigorous. c. The responses will occur with less delay between one and the next. d. The responses will fail to generalize to new stimuli or new settings.