Albert Bandura's Bobo doll study powerfully illustrates how aggression can be learned through watching other people's aggressive behavior

Which of the following is a valid statement of a difference between Erikson's stage theory and Loevinger's stage theory of development?

a. Loevinger thinks movement to the next stage occurs only when the previous stage has been mastered; Erikson thinks stage movement occurs when social or biological circumstances force new issues. b. Erikson thinks movement to the next stage occurs only when the previous stage has been mastered; Loevinger thinks stages coincide with specific ages. c. Loevinger's stages are age-linked, while Erikson's are not. d. Loevinger assumes that all adults move through all stages, while Erikson does not.

Biological treatments for people with chemical dependencies often begin with ______

a. electroconvulsive therapy c. intoxification b. behavioral counseling d. detoxification