Biological treatments for people with chemical dependencies often begin with ______

According to the text, why do traditional cultures have many beliefs that the birth puts women in a state of being spiritually unclean?

a. They believe that pregnant women are possessed. b. They believe that the fetus is evil. c. Birth requires spiritual intervention. d. Birth is often dangerous.

Slightly more common among girls, this type of aggression involves damaging another person's reputation among peers through exclusion or malicious gossip

Relational aggression Hostile or physical aggression Gender aggression Instrumental aggression