The idea that media don't tell people what to think--but what to think about-- is called the hierarchy of effects

Clint had difficulty listening to Karri's speech advocating more aggressive enforcement of existing gun control laws because he is a member of the Fraternal Order of Police. Clint experienced _______

a. factual distractions b. physical distractions c. physiological distractions d. psychological distractions

Irina struggled to pay attention to Chad's speech because she was nervous about an upcoming job interview. What kind of noise was Irina experiencing?

a. Verbal noise b. Non-verbal noise c. Physical noise d. Psychological noise