Behavior modification:

Regarding pain, frustration, and punishment, which of the following statements is FALSE?

a. Animals, even pets, often react to pain by attacking whomever or whatever else is around. b. Humans who are in pain are more likely to withdraw from others than to lash out at them. c. One of the most common responses to frustration is aggression. d. Since punishment is painful, frustrating, or both, punishment sets up a powerful environment for learning aggression.

The Scared Straight Program was designed to deter juvenile defenders from a life of crime by exposing them to the realities of being incarcerated in prison. Initial evaluations of the program reported that between 80% and 90% of program participants did not commit additional offenses. Later evaluations found:

a. the initial evaluations would have benefited from the use of a control group and random assignment. b. Program participants were actually more likely to reoffend than were juvenile offenders who did not participate. c. the program actually reinforced attitudes and behaviors that are associated with criminality. d. all of the above.