When one designs a system of ideas so that concepts and facts are interrelated in such a way that existing data is summarized and future observations can be predicted, then this system of ideas is known as a(n)

The placebo effect refers to

A) relief from symptoms without psychotherapy B) the alleviation of depression and anxiety by means of aerobic exercise C) the use of drugs in the treatment of psychological disorders D) the beneficial consequences of merely expecting that a treatment will be effective.

Deductive reasoning goes from the general to the specific. Which of the following is analogous to deductive reasoning?

a. top-down processing b. bottom-up processing c. perceptual expectancies d. illusions