At the local aquarium, the trainers shape the dolphin's behavior so that they get rewarded each time they jump up and get closer to a target toy hanging above their tank. Training in this manner most closely resembles _____

According to the authors, consumers are advised to be less concerned about the presence of subliminal messages in advertising, and to be more concerned that ads

a. often induce people to act counter to their wishes, values, and personalities. b. often shape and perpetuate cultural stereotypes. c. reduce our attention span and our ability to evaluate persuasive messages critically. d. consciously advocate socially destructive attitudes and behaviors.

When we use paw-lick latency as a measure of temperature sensitivity, latency is

a. an independent variable. b. a categorical variable. c. a continuous variable. d. a discrete variable.