What is the common name for the effect referred to in the previous question?

As they are running out to the playground, 9-year-old Tasha notices that another child has fallen down and is lying in the hallway

According to Eisenberg's theory of prosocial reasoning, what level is Tasha at if she thinks to herself "I understand that it really hurts to fall, so I should help her stand up"? A) hedonistic orientation B) needs-of-other orientation C) approval and/or stereotyped orientation D) empathic orientation

Gerald has been given plastic poker chips for desirable behavior in his institutional setting. He understands the chips have a certain point value and can be used later on for privileges. Gerald is responding to a(n)

a. intermittent schedule. b. token economy. c. negative reinforcement with no punishment. d. projective value system.