An individual can change his own behavior by arranging antecedents and consequences to influence the occurrence of the behavior

Which of the following is a summary of the research on learning done by Edward Tolman?

a) Learning is a passive process that involves little, if any, cognitive processing. b) Learning involves higher cognitive functions and is therefore a skill of which only humans are capable. c) When experienced, insight can be generalized to new problems and is not likely to be forgotten. d) Learning is possible without immediate reinforcement; the newly acquired skill is often not displayed until it becomes necessary to do so.

In a repeated-measures experiment, each individual participates in one treatment condition and then moves on to a second treatment condition. One of the major concerns in this type of study is that participation in the first treatment may influence the participant's score in the second treatment. This problem is referred to as ____

A) ?individual differences B) ?order effects C) ?homogeneity of variance D) ?bi-treatment effect