Which of the following is a summary of the research on learning done by Edward Tolman?

a) Learning is a passive process that involves little, if any, cognitive processing.
b) Learning involves higher cognitive functions and is therefore a skill of which only humans are capable.
c) When experienced, insight can be generalized to new problems and is not likely to be forgotten.
d) Learning is possible without immediate reinforcement; the newly acquired skill is often not displayed until it becomes necessary to do so.

Answer: d