Gary trains his hamster to roll a marble. First, he reinforces the hamster when it walks toward the marble, then he reinforces when it touches the marble with its nose. Finally, the hamster learns to roll the marble and is reinforced for it

Which theory of conditioning has been used to help explain the origins of sexual sadism and sexual masochism?

A. classical conditioning B. operant conditioning C. sexual conditioning D. social conditioning

According to the cognitive theory of stress, the most important determinant of stress is:

a) whether it is positive or negative in nature. b) the individual's health status. c) whether the person avoids or confronts the stressor. d) the individual's interpretation of the stressor.