Most developmental psychologists today are

Because knowing the true nature of a study may bias a participant's behavior and

invalidate the findings, researchers sometimes a. postpone informed consent until the subject's participation in the study is over. b. skip debriefing altogether. c. use deception. d. do not promise confidentiality to the participants. e. counterbalance the administration of the independent variable.

A situation where an individual feels constantly unable to control important situations may eventually cause them to develop learned __________

a. externality b. defenses c. surrendering d. helplessness