What did James Madison believe was the greatest source of conflict in society?

The rule of four means that

a. at least four law clerks must read a case prior to a writ of certiorari being issued. b. at least four justices must be present at a hearing in order for a decision to be viable. c. at least four justices must vote to hear a case and grant the petition for a writ of certiorari for a case to be reviewed. d. at least four hearings must be held in the lower courts before the Supreme Court can review a case. e. at least four votes must be taken before a final answer can be arrived at in the Supreme Court.

Suppose a man commits a crime in a particular state and is convicted based on a confession. Later, a federal court declares that his Constitutional rights were violated because the confession was coerced and given without a Miranda warning. Which of the following is most likely to happen?

a. The conviction will be overturned and the man will be set free because double jeopardy has attached and he cannot be tried again for the same crime. b. The conviction will be overturned and the man will be tried again for the crime, but the confession will not be allowed into evidence. c. The conviction will be upheld, but the man will have his sentence reduced because of the rights violation. d. This scenario could not happen because the federal courts have no jurisdiction over convictions based on state law.