Suppose a man commits a crime in a particular state and is convicted based on a confession. Later, a federal court declares that his Constitutional rights were violated because the confession was coerced and given without a Miranda warning. Which of the following is most likely to happen?
a. The conviction will be overturned and the man will be set free because double jeopardy has attached and he cannot be tried again for the same crime.
b. The conviction will be overturned and the man will be tried again for the crime, but the confession will not be allowed into evidence.
c. The conviction will be upheld, but the man will have his sentence reduced because of the rights violation.
d. This scenario could not happen because the federal courts have no jurisdiction over convictions based on state law.
b. The conviction will be overturned and the man will be tried again for the crime, but the confession will not be allowed into evidence.
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What is one reason voter turnout appears to have dropped since 1960?
a. Although the Twenty-Sixth Amendment increased the voting-age population, it lowered the overall figure because younger people have a lower voter turnout. b. Federal laws have made it more inconvenient to register, so fewer people are making the effort to participate in elections. c. Historical events of the latter half of the twentieth century have weakened patriotism, which has in turn lowered interest in government affairs. d. More people are using absentee ballots that are not counted in the calculations of voter turnout, thereby making it appear that fewer people are participating in elections. e. People have steadily taken less interest in elections as technology has increased the sense of connection to and involvement in the rest of the world.
The path diagram X?Y represents a causal theory. An explanation of how change in X produces change in Y is also an important part of the theory; it is called the
A. Causal mechanism B. Causal model C. Causal information D. Causal influence