The path diagram X?Y represents a causal theory. An explanation of how change in X produces change in Y is also an important part of the theory; it is called the

The European pacifist movements began shortly after the end of WWII

Indicate whether this statement is true or false.

The incorporation process involves applying the Bill of Rights to ______.

A. the rights of criminal defendants B. First Amendment issues C. the states D. traditionally excluded groups