Crop subsidies to Farmers is an example of _________

A researcher measures prisoners on childhood physical abuse and notices high levels. He then concludes that abuse leads people to commit crimes. This is an example of an ex post facto design. These conclusions are

A) scientifically valid because confounding variables are controlled. B) not scientifically valid although all confounding variables are controlled. C) not scientifically valid because confounding variables are not controlled. D) scientifically valid because all extraneous variables are controlled.

The Defense of Marriage Act of 1996 was passed by Congress in response to

A) a ruling by the Hawaii Supreme Court that might have allowed same-sex couples to marry. B) the passage of Vermont's civil union law. C) the legalization of same-sex marriage in Massachusetts. D) a ruling by the Supreme Court striking down antisodomy laws in Lawrence v. Texas. E) the establishment of civil unions in Minnesota.