A researcher measures prisoners on childhood physical abuse and notices high levels. He then concludes that abuse leads people to commit crimes. This is an example of an ex post facto design. These conclusions are
A) scientifically valid because confounding variables are controlled.
B) not scientifically valid although all confounding variables are controlled.
C) not scientifically valid because confounding variables are not controlled.
D) scientifically valid because all extraneous variables are controlled.
Answer: C
Political Science
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