A health psychology student wanted to know if giving an electric shock to participants each time they inhale from a cigarette will reduce how deeply they inhale
She arranges for smokers to be randomly assigned to two groups: the first group receives no shock and the second group a painful shock for each puff. Some participants quit the experiment, mostly from the painful-shock group. At the end, there was no difference between the two groups on depth of inhaling. Which of the following is a correct conclusion?
a. electric shock has no effect on depth of inhalation.
b. the study is confounded by differential attrition.
c. the study is confounded by selection bias.
d. the study was confounded by regression artifact.
B
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Which of the following thinkers believed that democracy would not be rule by the people but would instead be ruled by the poor and uneducated against the rich and educated?
A. Aristotle B. Socrates C. Plato D. Descartes
Which of the following is a major criticism of the winner-take-all electoral system?
A) It emphasizes political parties at the expense of individual candidates. B) It tends to magnify the legislative power of major parties while greatly diminishing the chances of minor parties. C) It causes a pronounced tendency toward party decentralization. D) It makes forming a national consensus more difficult. E) It encourages the emergence of single-issue splinter parties.