Campbell gives a speech in which he demonstrates digital photography techniques. His

Which of the following best describes the process of data cleaning?

a. Creating a data set in a spreadsheet format to organize the data. b. Constructing a codebook that enables the researcher to find where variables are located in a data file. c. Finding and eliminating data entry errors in your data file. d. All of the above are types of data cleaning.

While the speaker sounded convincing when he said that everyone should have a shingles vaccine, Jennifer remained skeptical. Her doctor had told her the vaccine was only necessary for those over a certain age or those with immune disorders. The flaw detected by Jennifer is known as a(n) __________.

A. fallacy B. hypothetical C. aggregate D. proof