Which treatment is especially effective for overcoming the fear experienced when a person faces a phobic stimulus?

Hadley is told that the achievement test he is taking is a standardized test. This means that

a. the test has been approved by the APA. b. the test will be measuring what is it intended to measure. c. similar scores occur when the test is given in a standard laboratory setting or in a naturalistic setting. d. uniform procedures exist for giving and scoring the test.

What does the text suggest about reducing prejudice using interventions based on the ignorance hypothesis and the goal-based approach?

A) Interventions based on the goal-based approach are more effective than interventions based on the ignorance hypothesis. B) Interventions based on the ignorance hypothesis are more effective than interventions based on the goal-based approach. C) Interventions based on both of the approaches are highly effective in reducing prejudice. D) Interventions based on both of the approaches are more likely to increase prejudice than decrease it.