In Murray's theory, a ________ is a force in the brain that organizes our perceptions, understanding, and behavior so that it changes our situation for the better.

Tiffany is aware that unprotected sex can lead to pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, but she tells her friends that if she became sexually active, she knows nothing bad would happen to her. Elkind would see this as an example of

A) counterfactual thinking. B) a personal fable. C) metacognition. D) the imaginary audience.

Professor Nagini developed a measure to rate children's fears. To test inter-rater reliability, he

A) compared the level of agreement between two different observers who used his measure simultaneously. B) used people who were part of children's natural environment to do the rating. C) compared the degree to which children from different cohorts scored similarly. D) compared the extent to which his measure correlated with neurobiological measures of distress.