Tiffany is aware that unprotected sex can lead to pregnancy and sexually transmitted infections, but she tells her friends that if she became sexually active, she knows nothing bad would happen to her. Elkind would see this as an example of

Which of the following statements about B. F. Skinner’s beliefs is true?

a. Skinner advocated greater use of punishment and negative reinforcement to control behavior.
b. Skinner believed that human behavior is determined by environmental consequences, not by individual choice or free will.
c. Skinner strongly advocated the study of cognitive processes to understand behavior.
d. Skinner believed that classical conditioning was not a valid explanation of behavior.

Crawling, walking, writing, dressing, naming colors, speaking in sentences, and starting puberty are all examples of ________.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s)