It is beyond the researcher's control to prevent all threats to internal validity

Which of the following is an example of the international context aggravating a civil war situation in a country?

A. a colonial power leaving a colony without setting up strong political institutions B. a neighboring country's government financing insurgents in the home country C. a country sending aid to a country trying to cope with a civil war D. a colonial power building bridges and roads in a colony merely to extract profit from the colony E. a group of people uprising against the weak governmental machinery in their country

Researchers have to be cautious in determining whether or not a variable is a(n) _______, in that it causally comes before both the independent and dependent variables.

A. Precursor B. Antecedent C. Ancillary D. Primary