By what age are babies typically first able to hold a cup to their lips and take a drink without spilling?

The second process in Mowrer's two-process theory of avoidance involves _____ in the form of _____

A) ?negative punishment; fear induction B) ?negative reinforcement; fear reduction C) ?negative reinforcement; shock removal D) ?negative punishment; shock presentation

In a study examining the effects of stress (stress group vs. no stress group) on memory performance, __________ is the independent variable and __________ is the dependent variable.

A. stress vs. no stress; memory performance B. memory performance; stress vs. no stress C. stress group 1; stress group 2 D. stress group 2; stress group 1 E. number of groups; items correctly recalled