When an agency such as the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) makes an important decision, it is quite likely to be taken to court. This is an example of what is meant by

Quasi-experiments do not lend themselves to causal conclusions because they have potential problems with

a. threats to internal validity. b. a high likelihood of asymmetric transfer. c. order and sequence effects. d. static-group comparisons.

Countries that retained communist governments in 2013 were those that were

a. poorer than the countries that abandoned communism. b. more open to international trade and ideas. c. less willing to use repressive force. d. most affected by Marxist rather than Leninist ideas. e. most well-endowed with natural resources.