Modeling has been used successfully in helping children overcome their fear of going to the dentist, social withdrawal, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, and phobias

According to the article Yoking Smokingabout operant conditioning, shaping is the process used to

(a) fix poor quality research designs (b) teach a rat to make its first bar-press response (c) the way research data are put together for presentation (d) how a dog learns to associate the sound of a bell with food presentation

According to Gisela Labouvie-Vief, adolescents and many young adults are confined to formal operations and do not possess postformal operational thought because they ____

a. are often limited by their egocentrism and concrete-operational thoughts b. often lack the ability to coordinate their sensory modalities with motor skills c. often exaggerate the extent to which logical thinking can be applied to real-life situations d. are often cognitively unaware of how personal fables and an imaginary audience affects egocentric thought