A new psychopharmacological drug to treat depression will significantly reduce depressive symptoms among patients compared to patients who receive a placebo drug. This is an example of a(n) ______ hypothesis

Research on peer victimization shows that

A) in middle childhood, girls bully peers nearly as often as boys. B) school codes against bullying are rarely effective at reducing peer victimization. C) aggression and victimization are not polar opposites. D) chronic victims tend to be active when passive behavior is expected.

The so-called law of averages only applies

a. under controlled conditions b. when the probabilities are conditional c. in the long run d. in the short run