Sigmund Freud is considered the "Father of Psychology."

Contemporary social-learning and cognitive theories differ from the early learning theory approaches in that they

a. hold that environmental contingencies are not important. b. suggest that organisms react passively to their environments. c. emphasize cognitive processes as well as behavioral ones. d. minimize the importance of mental processes.

A(n) ________ refers to the smallest change in physical energy between two stimuli that is recognized as different

a. difference threshold b. absolute threshold c. signal detection d. sensorimotor threshold e. supraliminal threshold