In a study by Baron et al. (1996) in which groups of three participants were asked to act as eyewitnesses, the greatest level of conformity occurred when participants were motivated to be ____ and the task was quite ____

Regarding the polygraph, which of the following best describes the position of the National Academy of Sciences?

a. The polygraph is accurate enough to use while other more sophisticated methods of detecting lying are being developed. b. The polygraph leads to too many false findings of lying, damaging the lives of many innocent people. c. The polygraph effectively measures physiological signs of lying, and their wide use is supported by research. d. There is not enough research to determine if the wide use of polygraphs is justified. e. The polygraph cannot accurately distinguish lying from emotional reactions of honest people put in pressure situations.

According to this proposition (___________________), no matter how objective observations are they are initiated by theories.

a. theory laden b. constructionism c. theoretical events d. rationalism