Which of the following scenarios best represents a cognitive explanation of psychological symptoms?
a) Marshall was frequently punished as a child during potty training. As a man, he is overly rigid and controlling. His wife is threatening divorce.
b) Bella was bit by a dog when she was 5 years old. She developed a dog phobia and is now scared to walk through parks or go to someone’s house if they have a dog.
c) Larry is anxious in social situations because he believes he will do something to embarrass himself and thinks everyone is staring at him.
d) Rosa read that genetics plays a significant role in the development of depression. She is concerned because both her mother and grandmother suffered from a depressive disorder.
c) Larry is anxious in social situations because he believes he will do something to embarrass himself and thinks everyone is staring at him.
Cognitive psychologists focus on current beliefs and thinking patterns and how they contribute to psychological symptoms.
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According to the information in the article Yoking Smokingabout operant conditioning, you say, "Sit" and
your dog sits. You give him a biscuit because you want him to sit the next time you say, "Sit." He has experienced (a) positive reinforcement (b) negative reinforcement (c) positive punishment (d) negative punishment
Which of the following is associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy?
a. increased risk of microcephaly b. heart defects c. conduct problems d. decreased risk of sudden infant death syndrome