When Anthony gets a test paper back on which he earned an
"A," phrases like, "atta boy" and "good going" pop
into his head, and he feels a sense of pride in his accomplishments. This illustrates the social learning concept of
a. the ego ideal.
b. self-reinforcement.
c. conditions of worth.
d. unconditional positive regard.
ANSWER: b
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Research on the belief-bias effect shows that
a. it is especially likely to operate for experts. b. people who earn high scores on a test of flexible thinking are especially likely to demonstrate the belief-bias effect. c. familiar statements often lead people to use "common sense" rather than logical reasoning. d. it emphasizes how people exaggerate their bottom-up processing.
Informally, we tend to place people into categories, such as the
"executive type," the "athletic type," and the "motherly type." If you tried to define these informal types, you would probably a. evaluate them on their character. b. use cardinal traits to describe them. c. describe their temperaments. d. list a different collection of traits for each category.