Adam has just consumed a substance that provides him with increased alertness and energy, along with reduced fatigue. However, it also makes him more talkative, increases his blood pressure, reduces his appetite, and makes him restless. Adam has likely ingested

Cerebral palsy is caused only by birth procedures

Indicate whether this statement is true or false.

When Stanley is afraid of meeting a woman, he finds an excuse to run off by himself. The immediate effect of running away is to make him feel less anxious and more at ease. Stanley's behavior illustrates the ____

a. role of negative reinforcers in avoidance behavior b. fact that shaping can result in maladjusted behavior c. role of partial reinforcement in abnormal behavior d. power of positive reinforcement