According to research, how does the moral reasoning of males and females compare?
a. Males think about moral issues in terms of justice, while females think about moral issues in terms of caring for others.
b. Males emphasize interpersonal relations when using moral reasoning, whereas females are more likely to consider justice.
c. Male moral reasoning tends to be more advanced than female moral reasoning.
d. Males and females do not differ markedly in the bases of their moral reasoning.
d
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According to Mowrer's two-factor theory of fear acquisition, obsessional fears are acquired through:
a. classical conditioning b. operant conditioning c. shaping d. learning through observation
Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because
A) it is difficult for observers to discern when babies have habituated to the familiar event. B) this method cannot be used with young babies or toddlers, who easily become fatigued. C) babies make only subtle changes to their behaviors when they recover to a new stimulus. D) it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the physical world.