Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because
A) it is difficult for observers to discern when babies have habituated to the familiar event.
B) this method cannot be used with young babies or toddlers, who easily become fatigued.
C) babies make only subtle changes to their behaviors when they recover to a new stimulus.
D) it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the physical world.
Answer: D
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The text cites all of the following reasons as explanations why job loss is especially traumatic in middle adulthood EXCEPT:
a. middle-aged adults face discrimination, making it harder for them to find a new job b. new jobs are likely to involve lower pay than former jobs c. older workers usually have more of the personal identity invested in their jobs d. older workers have poorer self-concepts than younger workers
The Lamaze method approaches childbirth as a(n)
a. medical emergency. b. natural process. c. exceptional challenge. d. personal crisis.