One goal for constructing an intelligence test is to write the test such that if a person took it multiple times, that person's score would always be the same. This goal represents the concept of test:

Which of the following is one of the earliest symptoms of Alzheimer disease?

word-finding/generating difficulties decreased hand-eye coordination decrease in ability to produce well-formed sentences increased irritability and aggressiveness

Placebo effects occur when

a. people's expectations lead them to experience some change, even though they receive a fake or ineffective treatment. b. people recover from a mental or physical illness without any form of intervention. c. people who originally score extremely high or low on some trait are measured a second time, and their new score falls closer to the average. d. people who originally score near the average on some trait are measured a second time, and their new score falls at the extreme high or low end of the scale.