Much of the global weapons trade is not motivated by financial considerations

When would you conclude there is a causal effect in an experiment?

A) when the systematic variance is high and error variance is low B) when both systematic and error variance are low C) when the error variance is greater than the systematic variance D) when the error variance has a positive effect on the mean of the experimental group

Summarize the arguments made by James Madison in Federalist No. 10.

What will be an ideal response?