As Molly is walking across campus, a car swerves toward her. Her heart races and sweat breaks out as she jumps out of harm's way. This mobilization of energy is due to the action of Molly's:

Physical changes that usually occur in a middle-aged adult include all these except ______ .

A) increased stamina. B) deteriorating eyesight. C) dry, inelastic skin. D) increased reaction time.

A negative reinforcer is a stimulus that is ________ and thus ________ the probability of a response

a. removed; increases b. presented; decreases c. removed; decreases d. presented; increases