Which of the following involves using a well-learned conditioned stimulus (CS) as an unconditioned stimulus (US)?

Some critics argue that the violation-of-expectation method is flawed because

A) it is difficult for observers to discern when babies have habituated to the familiar event. B) this method cannot be used with young babies or toddlers, who easily become fatigued. C) babies make only subtle changes to their behaviors when they recover to a new stimulus. D) it reveals only babies' perceptual preference for novelty, not their knowledge of the physical world.

Due to his emphasis on studying the richness of the life of each person, Murray preferred the term "__________" to the term "personality."

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word