Shaina started crying because she thought that her brother disappeared, when in fact he just put on his Halloween mask. Piaget would say that Shaina is in the __________ stage and has not yet achieved __________.

Airline frequent flyer programs that reward customers with a free flight after every 25,000 miles of travel illustrate the use of a ________ schedule of reinforcement.

a. fixed-interval b. variable-interval c. fixed-ratio d. variable-ratio

What do the development of religious and political thinking in adolescents have in common?

a. In both areas, adolescents in Western cultures begin to move toward greater abstraction. b. In both areas, adolescents in Eastern cultures take on an individualistic perspective. c. Religious and political beliefs are not developed until emerging adulthood. d. Cultural beliefs do not affect the development of religious and political beliefs.