________ prevent(s) task-irrelevant information from entering working memory

You deprive your dog of food just before you begin training him to sit down on command. You give your dog food only when he sits on the floor after you press on his back. Pretty soon your dog is sitting on the floor consistently

According to Skinner, your dog's behavior has been caused by a. his desire to get the food. b. his feelings of extreme hunger. c. a combination of his innate intelligence, problem-solving ability, and motivation. d. deprivation and the use of his food as reinforcement.

Studies of changes in intelligence with age show quite different results, depending on the

type of design that is used. Schaie and Strother showed that, with a longitudinal design, a. intelligence was essentially unchanged until age 30, then declined sharply. b. intelligence was essentially unchanged until age 30, then declined gradually. c. intelligence increased gradually to age 40, then showed a sharp decline. d. intelligence increased gradually to age 55, then showed a sharp decline. e. intelligence increased gradually to age 55, then declined gradually.