Some researchers have developed alternatives to Kohlberg's dilemma method, such as the
Sociomoral Reflection Measure and the Defining Issues Test. How do these assessments differ
from Kohlberg's paradigm?
A) Rather than provide a rationale for one's reasoning, subjects are provided sample
responses and asked to indicate which they would most likely endorse.
B) These assessments require one to administer more dilemmas than Kohlberg's assessment;
this method allows one to assess domain specific moral reasoning.
C) The dilemmas have more to do with everyday social dilemmas, whereas Kohlberg's
dilemmas dealt with broader moral issues, such as life-death, stealing, etc.
D) They are perhaps more biased methods; people often position themselves in socially
desirable ways on these assessments.
A
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In short, counterfactual thinking can be described as
a. mentally reconstructing the past. b. putting a positive spin on things to enhance self-esteem. c. thinking about how things couldn't have turned out differently. d. one of the most rational responses to an undesirable outcome.
Studies have shown that severe, punishing, or frustrating toilet training
a. leads to quicker training at an early age. b. changes a child's passive orientation to an active one. c. can have undesirable effects on personality development. d. do not cause any undesirable effects on personality development.