Studies have shown that severe, punishing, or frustrating toilet training
a. leads to quicker training at an early age.
b. changes a child's passive orientation to an active one.
c. can have undesirable effects on personality development.
d. do not cause any undesirable effects on personality development.
C
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__________ measures allow one the opportunity to freely express one's feelings whereas __________ measures do not
a. Open-ended; fixed-choice b. Fixed-choice; open-ended c. Structured; fixed-choice d. Open-ended; unstructured
An analysis of 26 longitudinal studies by Lansford et al., 2012) found that mild spanking was about as effective as other discipline methods that did not use spanking, such as verbal reminders and time outs. The researchers argued that past results showing an association of spanking with problem behavior in children
a. were correlational and therefore invalid. b. were cross-sectional rather than longitudinal and therefore could not draw conclusions about the outcomes of spanking. c. included some families that used more severe spanking, and it is only in these families that negative outcomes of spanking are found. d. were conducted with mentally ill parents, and the children’s poor behavior could have been inherited.