________ often occurs when organizations need far fewer people to operate today than in the past

Which of the following steps in the grievance process should be taken if informal conversations with the manager, employee, and a union representative fail?

A) Escalation to a national union officer B) Mediation or arbitration to discuss the grievance C) Submission of a formalized response to the grievance by the management D) Initiation of the grievance process through formal and written means E) Escalation to top senior executives to resolve the grievance

A set of behaviors and tasks that a member of a group is expected to perform because of his or her position in the group is a group ______.

A. standard B. function C. role D. activity