______________ is an operant-conditioning procedure in which successive approximations of a desired response are reinforced
A) Shaping
B) Spontaneous recovery
C) Stimulus generalization
D) Stimulus discrimination
Answer: A
Rationale: Shaping is a step-by-step procedure in which a specific operant response is created by reinforcing successive approximations of that response.
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When Freud commented that "sometimes a cigar is just a cigar," he was referring to the fact that
A) it was not a lack of ego-control that led men to smoke. B) dreamers with mental problems often smoked. C) he tended to interpret many long, pointy objects as phallic symbols. D) cigars were believed to be less dangerous than cigarettes. E) women were not allowed to smoke because it was seen as masculine.