Authorization bills establish or modify government programs; __________ bills allocate money for authorized programs

In a nonequivalent control-group design with groups that differ at pretest, if the control group shows a small change while the experimental group shows a marked change over time, you might conclude that

A) there is no effect of the independent variable. B) there may have been an effect of the independent variable, but it may have been confounded by regression to the mean. C) the effect is due to instrumentation. D) the effect is due to demand characteristics of the setting.

Is this a valid argument?

Major premise: If a country’s electoral rules are permissive, then votes should be translated into seats in a fairly proportional manner. Minor premise: In the most recent election, votes were not translated into seats in a proportional manner. Conclusion: Therefore, the country’s electoral rules are not permissive. A. Yes B. No