Which of the following is NOT included as one of the criteria of the American Psychological Association for allowing deception in research?
a. The deception must be explained to the participants by the end of the research.
b. The research must be part of a series of studies that have used deception in the past.
c. The research must have sufficient scientific and educational importance to warrant deception.
d. The researchers must demonstrate that no other equally effective procedures excluding deception are available.
Answer: b. The research must be part of a series of studies that have used deception in the past.
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