If an object is facing the positive direction on a straight line (marked with a scale of measurement), toward higher numbers, its orientation would be forward.

The process of obtaining the plaintext message from a ciphertext message without knowing the keys used to perform the encryption is known as __________.

A. cryptanalysis B. cryptology C. cryptography D. nonrepudiation

Operations, such as comparing two numbers to determine if they are equal, are called ____________________ operations.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).