In the 20th century, Hull described and explained behavior by mathematical formulas, axioms, and postulates. Thus, he illustrated whose notion that certainty of knowledge is accomplished by the application of mathematics to science??

A researcher who selects a sample of people of varying ages and studies them at one point in time is, by definition, using the ______ method

a. longitudinal c. cross-sectional b. correlational d. biographical study

Why is it difficult to determine the nature of the relationship between divorce and the psychological

functioning of family members? A) Cause and effect cannot be determined as preexisting behavioral abnormalities in either the parents or the children may make divorce more likely. B) While the effects of divorce are negative on children, the effects on the spouses are generally positive. C) Due to modern acceptance of divorce, there has been an ongoing decrease in the negative effects of divorce. As the impact of divorce has been decreasing, the effect of divorce on family functioning has become impossible to detect. D) The findings have been too inconsistent for any conclusions to be drawn.